Notes on NEET PG

301.  Thrombospondins (TSP)  has anti-angiogenic abilities 302. Infectious diseases  communicable during the later part of the incubation period  are - Measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, hepatitis A. 303.  Fredericson classification  - medial tibial stress syndrome 304.  Bismuth-Corlette classification  - perihilar cholangiocarcinoma 305.  Luftsichel sign  &  juxtaphrenic peak sign  - Left Upper Lobe collapse         Flat waist sign  - Left Lower Lobe collapse. 306. Most common hepatic malignancy in children is  Hepatoblastoma . 307. Most common anomaly associated with coarctation of aorta is  bicuspid aortic valve . 308.  4th Ventricle Ependymoma vs Meduloblastoma E pendymoma - usually from  F loor of 4th ventricle  (Mnemonic - Alphabetic order EF) M eduloblastoma - usually from  R oof of 4th ventricle 309. Most common tumor of mediastinum -  neurogenic tumor . ...

251. Most common type of  disproportionate dwarfism  : Achondroplasia 252. Commonest  fatal neonatal dysplasia  : Thanatophoric dwarfism. 253. Platyspondyly with  central vertebral beaking  is the diagnostic hallmark of Morquio's disease. 254.  PNDT act  - 1994, But  PCPNDT act  (amendment in PNDT act ) - 2003. 255. Pulmonary hypertension :  Main  pulmonary artery > 28.6 mm,                                                Right descending pulmonary artery  > 16mm 256. Speed of ultrasound in soft tissue :  1540 m/sec. 257. Natural global radiation : Average yearly radiation dose is  2.7 mSv 258.  International commission on radiological protection (ICRP)  was founded in 1928 259.  Atomic energy act  - 1962 260. Radionuclides  K40 and C14  are present in human bo...

201. Most common site of   iatrogenic esophageal perforation  is Cricopharynx ( as its the narrowest part of GIT , with exception of vermiform appendix ) 202. Important  25 cm  structures : Oesophagus Duodenum Thoracic duct Ureter. 203.  Accordion sign  is seen with pseudomembranous colitis. 204. Most commonly symptomatic Plica is  Medial Patellar plica. Plica is embryological remnant of synovial membrane at patello-femoral joint. 205. The commonest cause of  anterior  knee pain is softening of the cartilage on the underside of the patella =  Chondromalacia patella = Patellofemoral syndrome. 206. Most common congenital anomaly of urinary tract is  Duplex collecting system. 207.  Central dot sign  is seen in Caroli disease. 208. The  bear's paw sign  is seen in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. 209. Coins in the  oesophagus  are oriented in the  coronal plane  whereas coins in the  trach...

151.  Sitting Duck shaped Heart  is seen in Persistant Truncus Arteriosus. 152.  Sherman paradox  is seen in Fragile X syndrome. (It is  Anticipation  phenomenon in Fragile X syn) 153.  Trethowans sign  is positive in slipped femoral epiphysis. Normally : If an anteroposterior view of the hip joint is taken then a line drawn along the superior surface of the neck should pass through the femoral head. ( This line is  Klein's Line  ) If the line remains superior to the femoral head then this is termed Trethowans sign. 154. Amrinone and Milrinone - Side effect -  Thrombocytopenia. 155. In  PSVT  (Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), QRS is normal. 156. DOC for typical absence seizures:  Ethosuximide  157. DOC for atypical absence seizures:  Valproate 158.  Hyperventilation  provokes absence seizures. 159.  Ring enhancing lesion  on CECT Brain - think about NCC and Tuberculomas. 160....

Autism INTRODUCTION : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the name for a range of similar conditions, including Asperger syndrome, that affect a person’s social interaction, communication, interests and behaviour. In children with ASD, the symptoms are present before three years of age, although a diagnosis can sometimes be made after the age of three. There’s no “cure” for ASD, but speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, educational support, plus a number of other interventions are available to help children and parents. Signs of ASD: Spoken language Delayed speech development , or not speaking at all Frequent repetition of set words and phrases Speech that sounds very monotonous. Preferring to communicate using single words Responding to others Not responding to their name being called. Rejecting cuddles initiated by a parent or carer Reacting unusually negatively Interacting with others Being unusually intolerant of people entering their own personal space Littl...

Skeletal Muscle Contractions – Characteristics SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS -CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics include: All or none law. Stimulus-response relationship. Frequency of stimulus. Motor unit recruitment. Starling’s Law. Isometric contractions Muscle Tone. Denervation hypersensitivity. 1. “All or none law”: Motor unit is “Motor neuron collectively with all its peripheral branches & innervated muscle fibers”. Motor unit obey all or none law. Ie., On stimulation, either all motor unit fibers will contract maximally or not contract at all. This depends upon stimulus intensity (threshold/subthreshold). Thus, Motor unit is “ Unit of contraction”. Nerve fiber is “ Unit of activation”. Concentration of motor unit: 3-6 fibers in a motor unit: Seen with muscles for fine, graded & precise movement. Eg: Fingers & eye. 600-1000 muscle fibers per unit: Seen with muscles for gross movements. Eg: Leg. 2. Stimulus-Response relationship: Contractile res...

101. Maple syrup urine disease  ( MSUD) is caused by a deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex , leading to a buildup of the branched-chain amino acids  (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) 102. The  SMA  lies to the  left  of the SMV as it crosses over the third portion of the duodenum. ( Clinical Importance : to check malrotation ) 103.  Meta-analysis  is best for Probiotics' Trial. 104. Vertical crest in fundus of internal auditory canal is -  Bill's Bar. 105. Sphincter of oddi has 3 sphincters. 106. Sheath surrounding the neurovascular bundle in axilla is derived from -  Prevertebral fascia. 107.  1st part  of duodenum has duodenal cap/bulb. 108. Spleen projects into  Greater sac. 109. Axillary abscess is drained safely through  Floor. 110. The primary direct stimulus for excitation of central chemoreceptors -   H+ increase. 111. Breast Milk is  Contraindicated  in G...

51.  Three important syndromes of the first and second pharyngeal arches : Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS),  Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome (AOVS) and  Auriculo-Condylar syndrome (ACS) or question mark ear syndrome. 52. Achlasia Cardia - uncoordinated,  non-progressive contraction  within the esophageal body       BUT The hallmark symptom of achalasia is  progressive dysphagia. 53. The mandible is  not  part of the cranium  nor  part of the facial skeleton. 54. There are 2 things - Threshold level and a discriminatory level for the  appearance of a gestational sac        on USG       The threshold level identifies the earliest one can expect to see a sac (4 weeks, 3 days), and        The discriminatory level identifies when one should always see the sac (5 weeks, 2 days). 55.  Fluoroscopy  is a real-time x-ray viewed on a video mon...

1. Heart size is Normal in :  TOF and TAPVC ( infracardiac form ) 2. Visual reflex formation or Macula mature by  5-6 months life 3.  Gardasil  -- 16 , 18 , 6 , 11     Cervarix -- 16 , 18 4. Renal tubular acidosis --  Normal Anion gap Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis     Point to remember -- its  NORMAL  in  Serum  but  POSITIVE  anion gap in  Urine 5. Ectopic ACTH Syndrome --  Hypokalemic Alkalosis 6. Anatomical Closure of Ductus arteriosus --  1-3 months  after birth. 1-3 months after birth. (ref: Langman's embryology & Guyton) 7. Corneal donor -- till  6 hour  after death 8. Nerve fibers -- A and B are  Myelinated  ; A to C - Diameter and Velocity  decrease 9. For Congenital hypothyroidism -- TSH , best done  >48 hrs - 6 days  life 10. Child of HIV positive Mother -- Cant use IgG for  1st 18 months  to diagnose as that comes from   ...

1.The following features are true for Tetralogy of Fallot, except: a. Ventricular septal defect b. Right ventricular hypertrophy c. Atrial septal defect d. Pulmonary stenosis. Answer-c) 2. The most common retrobulbar orbital mass in adults is: a. Neurofibroma b. Meningioma c. Cavernous haemangioma d. Schwannoma Answer-c) 3. Expanisle type osseous metastases are characteristic of primary malignancy of: a. Kidney b. Bronchus c. Breast d. Prostate Answer-a) 4. Which is the objective sign of identifying pulmonary plethora in a chest radiograph? a. Diameter of the main pulmonary/ artery> 16mm. b. Diameter of the left pulmonary artery > 16mm c. Diameter of the descending right pulmonary artery> 16mm d. Diameter of the descending left pulmonary artery > 16 mm Answer-c) 5. The most accurate investigation for assessing ventricular function is: a. Multislice CT b. Echocardiography c. Nuclear scan d. MRI Answer-d) 6.The most important sign of significance of renal artery stenosis on a...